ACADEMIC RESEARCH, SCHOLARLY EXAMPLE OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL ON GENDER OPPORTUNITIES IN DECISION MAKING FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT.
MOHAMEDI A. JUMA (Juma, M.A. 2022)
THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA-TANZANIA.
Uniprofits Media publication
Title:
GENDER OPPORTUNITIES IN DECISION MAKING TOWARDS DEVELOPMENT AT IYUMBU VILLAGE, DODOMA MANICIPAL.
CONTENT
TITTLE i
CHAPTER 1 2
INTRODUCTION 2
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 3
THE PURPOSE OF STUDY 3
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 3
THE LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 5
DEFFINITION OF THE KEY TERMS 5
RESEARCH QUESTIONS 5
CHAPTER TWO 5
LITERATURE REVIEW 5
INTRODUCTION 5
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 6
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 7
CHAPTER 3 8
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 8
INTRODUCTION 8
RESEARCH DESIGN 8
TIME 8
BUDGET 8
TARGET POPULATION 8
AREA OF THE STUDY 9
SAMPLING PROCEDURES 9
TOOLS OF DATA COLLETION 9
DATA ANALYSIS 9
CONCLUSION 10
REFERENCES 10
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Decision making is the process of making choices by identifying a decision, gathering information, and assessing alternative resolutions. Using a step-by-step decision-making process can help make more deliberate, thoughtful decisions by organizing relevant information and defining alternatives (Klein and Gary 2008).
Article 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognizes the right of every person to take part in the government of his or her country. Equal access of men and women to power, decision-making and leadership at all levels isa necessary precondition for the proper functioning of developments and democracy. Equal participation of men and women in political affairs makes governments more representative of the composition of society; it makes them more accountable and transparent, and ensures that the interests of women are taken into account in policy-making towards development. Women, however, have traditionally been excluded from power and decision-making processes (Council of European Union, 2009).
The 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) provides the basis for realizing equality between women and men through ensuring women's equal access to, and equal opportunities, public life and developments. The Fourth World Conference on Women, held in Beijing in 1995, brought attention to the persisting inequality between men and women in decision-making. The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action recognize women’s unequal share of power and decision-making as one of the twelve critical areas of concern (Evertzen, 2010).
The Agreed Conclusions 1997/2 of the 41st session of the Commission on the Status of Women’s on women in power and decision-making processes called for the acceleration of implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action in order to achieve women’s full and equal participation in decision-making. Governments were urged, inter alia, to establish time-bound targets for reaching the goal of gender balance in decision-making, and ensure gender mainstreaming in legislation. The Agreed Conclusions stress the importance that achieving equal participation in decision-making has for the strengthening of democracy (Davidson and Burke, 2011).
In Tanzania, to bring about gender equality the Government has in place the National Development Vision 2025 that states among other things that Tanzania should ensure the attainment of gender equality in decision-making and the empowerment of women in all socio-economic and political relations, and culture by the year 2025, the Commission on the Status of Women convened its 65th Session (CSW65) from 15-26 March. The priority theme of the session is “women’s full and effective participation and decision-making in public life. Example, the Land Act, Act No. 4 of 1999, establishes the National Land Advisory Council, which have seven members three of whom are women appointed by the Minister (S. 17(1&2 and Regulation 3). The Village Land Act, Act No. 5 of 1999, establishes the village Adjudication Committee, which consist of not less than six nor more than nine persons, of whom not less than three persons are women (S. 53(1&2). Moreover, the Act also establishes the Village Land Council —a body responsible for dispute resolution which consist of not less than five nor more than seven persons, of which not less than two are women (Ferrant, 2009).
The Government made a deliberate move to increase women’s participation in decision-making institutions at the local and national level. The move was accompanied by the amendment of the Local Government (Urban Authorities) Act of 1982. Although in some cases and real life practices the issue of gender equality in decision making towards social matters such as economics development is not given priority and hence affecting the side of female participation in decision making in our socitiey's developments (Kombo and Minungu, 2012).
STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM.
Decision making opportunities toward social development among the women was researched by many researchers on the roles of women as most serious problem in the society.
The different previous reports revealed the issues of causes of decision making opportunities towards social development such as poverty, cultural practices in the society example women should only remain for domestic activities, they don’t have voice from the family level up to the national level (Crook, 2003).
The discriminated and exploited of women, the socio-economic status of women is so poor and the incidence of poverty is more on woman only (Yavad, 2013). But their studies never investigated the issue of mass media responses as cause of poor decision making in gender at Iyumbu village.
Therefore, this study strived to fill in such knowledge gap by show the contribution of women in social development at Iyumbu village because it believed that in every man development there is presence of women contribution through their advice from their family level.
Gender refers to economic, social ,political,and culture attribute and opportunities associated with being women and men. The social definition of what it means women and men vary among culture and change over time . Gender is social culture expression of particular characteristics and roles that are associated with certain group of people with reference to their sex
Decision making -Is the study of identifying and choosing alternative based on the value and preference of the decision maker.J.Fulop(2005)
Is the process of making choices by identifying a decision , gathering information and assessing alternative resolution .using step by step decision making process can help you make more debarate , thoughtfull decision by organizing relevant information and defining alternative .
Gender and development
Is an interdisciplinary field of research and applied study that implement of feminist approach to understand and addressing the disparate impact that economic development and globalization .Wikipedia
Equal opportunity - refers to the policy everyone the same opportunities for employment ,pay and promotion without discrimating against particular groups.
National development -Is ability of a country or countries to improve the national walfare of the people forexampe by providing school amenities like quality education ,potable water, transportation infrastructure and medicine.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
General objective
To determine the gender opportunity in decision making to wards development at Iyumbu village
Specific objecive
1. To describe the challenge that face gender opportunity in decision making at Iyumbu village to wards development.
2. To explain the measure or alternative to be taken the challenge that will be used during implemention of of gender opportunity in decision making.
3. To determine the contribution of gender opportunity in decision making to wards development of Iyumbu village.y
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this study is to determine the challenges facing gender opportunity in decision making for development at Iyumbu village.
RESEARCH QUESTION
1. What are the challenge face gender opportunity in decision making ?
2. How to overcome those challenge that face gender opportunity in decision making?
3. What are the contribution of gender opportunity in decision making?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The finding of the study can provide basic knowledge and altitudes to wards gender opportunity in decision making to the government, individual and society, Also the study can help policy planners, and gender stakeholders to set goals for social, political and economic development, the study findings may also be helpful for the researcher to add more on already existing reterature, concerning gender decision making within the society and there fore fill the gap
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study will be conducted at Iyumbu village Dodoma where village exactive organization (VEO), villege gender authorites and community development ofice. the respond will be Village exactive organization ofice and village gender authority.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEWS
This chapter presents literature review supporting the title, up to date literatures regarding the title and research gap which deal with gender decision making opportunities toward social development at Iyumbu village.
It's widely known that inequality in decision making is highly experienced in Tanzania due to cultural background of different societies thus the women were not given an opportunities to make a decision on the family and society in general due to the perception that women were taught weak people. These views hinders an opportunity to be involved to make a decision.
According to Yadav (2013), The discriminated and exploited of women is seen all over the world. The empowerment is an aid to help women to achieve equality with men or, at least, to reduce gender gap considerably. Women play a very strategic role in the development of society in particular and development of economy in general. . Women contribute directly or indirectly for economic development. Though the nature has given the genetic power of reproduction especially to the women, the socio-economic status of women is so poor and the incidence of poverty is more on woman only. The potential hidden power is to be utilized for which, her status in the society must be improved and economically she should be strengthened. The poverty is the main cause for her low bargaining power hence poverty should be removed. Empowering women and removal of poverty go hand in hand. Woman if is educated and empowered, her potential power can be utilized for the economic development. Present study is the analysis of secondary data which aims to identify the potential areas of gender gaps such as education, health, political participation, employment in Tanzania. It has been learnt from the analysis that phenomena of gender segregation and gender gap are wide and can be observed in almost every walk of life. That gender gap can be reduced by taking concrete steps.
Analyses of intra-household decision-making are linked to gender issues shown to affect involvement in landscape management. These include agriculture, food, money, life chances, and attitudes toward domestic violence. This showing the social sophistication of a group often marginalized (Colfer et al, 2015). This group shows considerable female involvement in decision-making and strongly democratic elements. The issues that need greater attention for equitable landscape management to result women’s spheres of decision-making must be ascertained and taken into account, men’s involvement in care needs to expand, and women’s agency requires enhancement and external support.
Girls and women have a right to engage in civil society, vote in elections, be elected to government office, serve on boards, and make their voices heard in any process that will ultimately affect them, their families, and their communities. Investing in girls’ and women’s right to political participation is a necessary step to achieving global gender equality and democratic governance(Kurebwa, 2016)
Research gap
The issues of inequalities in decision making opportunities toward social development among the women was researched by many researchers on the roles of women towards social development but they forget that Woman were the leader planner of the family, the first trainer; supplier of labour power and by playing focal role in the development of agriculture, industry, service sector, socio-culture.
CHAPTER THREE
Research methodology.
Introduction.
This chapter describes the research methodologies that the researchers will use in finding answers for the research about Gender decision making opportunities toward development. The chapter explain issues relating to research design, Area of the study, targeted population, sample and sampling procedures, tools of data collection, time plan and research budget as well as data analysis procedures.
Research design
Research design is a plan, structure and strategy of investigation believed to obtain answers to research questions or problems (Abbott, 2013). Research design gives direction to the researchers to be in a right way to reach the destination. The research design that will be used in this study is cross-sectional survey. This reserch design involves selecting respondents, administering questionnaires and conducting interviews on variables of the study( Connelly, 2016). This kind of research design will assist the researchers to collect information from many respondents and it will be simple to make comparison of the data collected.
TIME
This research will be completed within the four (4) days. Therefore, the researchers will spend much time within this day for collection needed information from the study area.
PROJECT BUDGET.
A prediction of the costs associated with a particular study project. These costs include labor, materials and other related expenses. The project budget is often broken down into specific tasks, with task budgets assigned to each. A estimate is used to establish a project budget (Treasury, 2008). Below is table showing the budget which needed for completing our project/study.
TARGET POPULATION
The target population also known as theoretical population; is the group to whom the researchers wish to generalize our findings. The target population is important for three primary reasons: sets clear direction on the scope and objective of the research and data types. We expect to collect information and data from public servants who working in different sectors at Iyumbu village like village developmental officers, because they have experienced the practice of gender equal opportunities in decision making in societies. Also, we expect to collect data from different institution where the gender opportunities in decision making is practiced such as in schools and religions. Moreover, we expect to visit the local leaders at Iyumbu village. But also, we going to include some citizen since our topic need wider range opinion from different people.
AREAS OF THE STUDY.
The study expected to be conducted in Dodoma Region within municipality especially in Iyumbu village. The Region covers an area of 413,100km2 with 1,698,996 inhabitants (Tanzania, N. B. S. 2013). The Region is located at central part of Tanzania which it's area covers about 5% of the mainland of the country. The Region is capital city of Tanzania. This research is expected to be conducted within this Region specifically at Iyumbu village due to easy accessibility of area from researchers. In another hand, within this Region specifically Iyumbu village, we can get detailed and accurate information about gender opportunities in decision making since the area is intensively consisted with expertise people concerning gender issues and development.
SAMPLING PROCEDURES.
Firstly, we are going to select some individuals and villagers and other expertise especially village gender and development authorities. Sampling techniques which will be used in this study is non-probability sampling for instance in collecting data from individuals convenience sampling is going to be used and those data from expertise and authority, purposive sampling will be actively used. Convenience sampling is selecting participant because they are often readily and easily available. Typically, convenience sampling tends to be a favoured sampling technique among students as it's in expensive and an easy option compared to other sampling techniques (Ackoff, 1953). Purposive or judgmental sampling is a strategy in which particular settings persons or events are selected deliberately in order to provide important information that can not be obtained from other chostructuredices (Maxwell, 1996).
TOOLS OF DATA COLLECTION.
This study is going to use interview method of collecting data so as to acquire appropriate information. Both and unstructured interview are expected to be used in this study so as to acquire detailed and accurate information. The researchers needs to meet with interviewees by asking questions about gender opportunities in decision making. Kvale (2007) portrays that, if you want to know how people understand their world and their lives, why not talk with them? Conversation is a basic mode of human interaction. Human beings talk with each other they interact, pose questions and answer questions. Through conversation we get to know other people, get learn about their experiences, feelings and hopes and the world they live in. In this study, a researcher need to ask about their dreams, fairs and hopes, hears their views and opinions in their own words about gender in decision making.
DATA ANALYSIS.
This is a process of evaluating data using analytical and logical reasoning to examine each components of the collected data. After collecting data, researchers need to evaluate and examine data logically so as to help them in drawing conclusion. Nassaji (2015) In such research, the data may be collected qualitatively, but it is often analyzed quantitatively, using frequencies, percentages, averages, or other statistical analyses to determine relationships. Qualitative research, however, is more holistic and often involves a rich collection of data from various sources to gain a deeper understanding of individual participants, including their opinions, perspectives, and attitudes.
REFERENCES
Council of European Union (2009). Council Conclusions on Gender equality: strengthening growth and employment - input to the post-2010 Lisbon Strategy, Brussels.
Davidson, M. J. and Burke, R. J. (2011). Women in Management Worldwide (Vol. 2). Aldershot: Gower.
Evertzen, A. (2010). VNG international Committed to Strengthening Democratic Local Government Worldwide. VNG International, The Hague, the Netherlands. 31pp..Ferrant, G. (2009). A New Way to Measure Gender Inequalities in Developing Countries: The Gender Inequalities Index (GII), JEL classification.
Kombo, I. and Minungu, L. (2012). Gender imbalances in the Leadership of Local Government Authorities in Tanzania. The case of Dodoma Municipality, African Journal of Social Sciences 3(2): 116-123. Mann, C. J.
Klein, Gary (2008). "Naturalistic Decision Making". Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
J.Fulop(2005) Introduction of decion making . BDE1-3workshop.Washton
Yadav, O. K. (2013). Equal rights and unequal opportunities faced by women: An analysis to act. The Social ION, 2(1), 107-117.
Colfer, C. J. P., Achdiawan, R., Roshetko, J. M., Mulyoutami, E., Yuliani, E. L., Mulyana, A., ... & Adnan, H. (2015). The balance of power in household decision-making: encouraging news on gender in Southern Sulawesi. World development, 76, 147-164.
Kurebwa, J. (2016). Political participation of rural women in decision-making at the local government level in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Education, Culture and Society.
Abbott, M. L., & McKinney, J. (2013). Understanding and applying research design. John Wiley & Sons.
Connelly, L. M. (2016). Cross-sectional survey research. Medsurg nursing, 25(5), 369.
H. M. Treasury (2008). Aligning Budgets, Estimates and Resource Accounts: Consultation paper on the proposed New framework. HM Treasury. London.
Ackoff, R, L. (1963) The design of Social Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Maxwell, J, A. (1996). Qualitative Research Design. An interactive approach, London: Applied Social Research Methods Series.
Nassaji, H. (2015) Qualitative and descriptive research: Data type versus data analysis. Language teaching research, 19(2), 129-132.
Kvale, S; & Brinkmann, S. (2007) Introduction to interview research. Doing interviews, 2-11.
Tanzania, N. B. S. (2013). “2012 population and housing Census”. Population distribution by administrative areas.
MONEY PURPOSE
10000 1@ ×4 (days) =40000 Daily transport
8000 Printing and binding the written report
15,000 1@ × 4(days)= 60000 Food for researcher and assistant researchers
12000 Emergence
Tshs 120000/= Total amount
Posts
No comments:
Post a Comment